CodeReviewConcurrency

This page is an addition to the Go Code Review Comments list. The goal of this list is to help to find concurrency-related bugs when reviewing Go code.

You may also read through this list just once to refresh your memory and to make sure you are aware of all these concurrency gotchas.

⚠️ This page is community authored and maintained. It includes information that is disputed and may be misleading or incorrect.

Insufficient synchronisation and race conditions - HTTP handler functions are thread-safe? - Global functions and variables are protected by mutexes or otherwise thread-safe? - Reads of fields and variables are protected? - The loop variable is passed into the goroutine function as an argument? - Methods on thread-safe types don't return pointers to protected structures? - Load() or Delete() calls on a sync.Map after Load() is not a race condition?

Testing - Running tests with -race flag in CI/CD?

Scalability - A channel is intentionally created with zero capacity? - Not using sync.RWMutex to protect very short operations?

Time - time.Ticker is stopped using defer tick.Stop()? - Comparing time.Time using Equal(), not ==? - Keeping the monotonic component in time.Time argument of time.Since()? - When comparing system times via t.Before(u), the monotonic component is stripped from the argument?

Insufficient synchronisation and race conditions

# RC.1. The HTTP handler function is safe to call concurrently from multiple goroutines? It's easy to overlook HTTP handlers should be thread-safe because they are usually not called explicitly from anywhere in the project code, but only from the internals of the HTTP server.

# RC.2. Is there some field or variable access not protected by a mutex where the field or the variable is a primitive or of a type that is not explicitly thread-safe (such as atomic.Value), while this field can be updated from a concurrent goroutine? It's not safe to skip synchronising reads even to primitive variables because of non-atomic hardware writes and potential memory visibility problems.

See also a Typical Data Race: Primitive unprotected variable.

# RC.3. A method on a thread-safe type doesn't return a pointer to a protected structure? This is a subtle bug which leads to the unprotected access problem described in the previous item. Example:

type Counters struct {
	mu   sync.Mutex
	vals map[Key]*Counter
}

func (c *Counters) Add(k Key, amount int) {
    c.mu.Lock()
    defer c.mu.Unlock()
    count, ok := c.vals[k]
    if !ok {
    	count = &Counter{sum: 0, num: 0}
    	c.vals[k] = count
    }
    count.sum += amount
    count.n += 1
}

func (c *Counters) GetCounter(k Key) *Counter {
	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()
	return c.vals[k] // BUG! Returns a pointer to the structure which must be protected
}

type Counters struct {
    mu   sync.Mutex
    vals map[Key]Counter // Note that now we are storing the Counters directly, not pointers.
}

...

func (c *Counters) GetCounter(k Key) Counter {
	c.mu.Lock()
	defer c.mu.Unlock()
	return c.vals[k]
}

# RC.4. If there is more than one goroutine that can update a sync.Map, you don't call m.Store() or m.Delete() depending on the success of a previous m.Load() call? In other words, the following code is racy:

var m sync.Map

// Can be called concurrently from multiple goroutines
func DoSomething(k Key, v Value) {
	existing, ok := m.Load(k)
	if !ok {
		m.Store(k, v) // RACE CONDITION - two goroutines can execute this in parallel
		... some other logic, assuming the value in `k` is now `v` in the map
    }
    ...
}

Such a race condition could be benign in some cases: for example, the logic between the Load() and Store() calls computes the value to be cached in the map, and this computation always returns the same result and doesn't have side effects.

⚠️ Potentially misleading information. "Race condition" can refer to logic errors, like this example, which can be benign. But the phrase is also commonly used to refer to violations of the memory model, which are never benign.

If the race condition is not benign, use methods sync.Map.LoadOrStore() and LoadAndDelete() to fix it.

Scalability

# Sc.1. Is this intentional that a channel is created with zero capacity, like make(chan *Foo)? A goroutine which sends a message to a zero-capacity channel is blocked until another goroutine receives this message. Omitting the capacity in the make() call might be just a mistake which will limit the scalability of the code, and it's likely unit test won't find such a bug.

⚠️ Misleading information. Buffered channels do not inherently increase "scalability" versus unbuffered channels. However, buffered channels can easily obscure deadlocks and other fundamental design errors that would be immediately apparent with unbuffered channels.

# Sc.2. Locking with RWMutex incurs extra overhead compared to plain sync.Mutex, and, furthermore, there might be some scalability issue with the current implementation of RWMutex in Go. Unless the case is very clear (such as an RWMutex used to synchronize many read-only operations each lasting hundreds of milliseconds or more, and the writes which require an exclusive lock seldom happen), there should be some benchmarks proving that RWMutex indeed helps to improve the performance. A typical example where RWMutex certainly does more harm than good is a simple protection of a variable in a struct:

type Box struct {
	mu sync.RWMutex // DON'T DO THIS -- use a simple Mutex instead.
	x  int
}

func (b *Box) Get() int {
	b.mu.RLock()
	defer b.mu.RUnlock()
	return b.x
}

func (b *Box) Set(x int) {
	b.mu.Lock()
	defer b.mu.Unlock()
	b.x = x
}

Time

# Tm.1. Is time.Ticker stopped using defer tick.Stop()? It's a memory leak not to stop the ticker when the function which uses the ticker in a loop returns.

# Tm.2. Are time.Time structs compared using Equal() method, not just ==? Quoting the documentation for time.Time:

Note that the Go == operator compares not just the time instant but also the Location and the monotonic clock reading. Therefore, Time values should not be used as map or database keys without first guaranteeing that the identical Location has been set for all values, which can be achieved through use of the UTC() or Local() method, and that the monotonic clock reading has been stripped by setting t = t.Round(0). In general, prefer t.Equal(u) to t == u, since t.Equal() uses the most accurate comparison available and correctly handles the case when only one of its arguments has a monotonic clock reading.

# Tm.3. Before calling time.Since(t), the monotonic component is not stripped from t? This is a consequence of the previous item. If the monotonic component is stripped from the time.Time structure before passing it into time.Since() function (via calling either UTC(), Local(), In(), Round(), Truncate(), or AddDate()) the result of time.Since() might be negative on very rare occasions, such as if the system time has been synced via NTP between the moment when the start time was originally obtained and the moment when time.Since() is called. If the monotonic component is not stripped, time.Since() will always return a positive duration.

# Tm.4. If you want to compare system times via t.Before(u), do you strip the monotonic component from the argument, e.g. via u.Round(0)? This is another point related to Tm.2. Sometimes, you need to compare two time.Time structs only by the system time stored in them, specifically. You may need this before storing one of these Time structs on disk or sending them over the network. Imagine, for example, some sort of telemetry agent which pushes a telemetry metric together with time periodically to some remote system:

var latestSentTime time.Time

func pushMetricPeriodically(ctx context.Context) {
	t := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
	defer t.Stop()
	for {
		select {
		case <-ctx.Done: return
		case <-t.C:
			newTime := time.Now().Round(0) // Strip monotonic component to compare system time only
			// Check that the new time is later to avoid messing up the telemetry if the system time
			// is set backwards on an NTP sync.
			if latestSentTime.Before(newTime) {
				sendOverNetwork(NewDataPoint(newTime, metric()))
				latestSentTime = newTime
			}
		}
	}
}

Reading List

Go Code Review Comments: a checklist for reviewing Go code, not concurrency-specific.

Go concurrency: - The Go Memory Model - Section about concurrency in Effective Go - Posts in The Go Blog: - Share Memory By Communicating - Go Concurrency Patterns: Timing out, moving on - Go Concurrency Patterns: Context - Go Concurrency Patterns: Pipelines and cancellation - Advanced Go Concurrency Patterns (video) - Rethinking Classical Concurrency Patterns (video) - Understanding Real-World Concurrency Bugs in Go

Concurrency, but not specific to Go: - Mechanical Sympathy: Single Writer Principle